Midyear modifications to a safe harbor and non-safe harbor 401(k) plan.Here are the most practical options for employers to reduce or suspend contributions before the end of a plan year: (See Suspend theĤ01( k) Match? Issues to Weigh, Pitfalls to Avoid. While reducing employer contributions can hurt employee morale, it is sometimes a better option for reducing labor costs than furloughs and layoffs, for example. In tough economic times, many employers are seeking to cut compensation-related costs employer contributions to 401(k) plans are an obvious target. It's estimated that more than 90 percent of 401(k) plans provide some form of employer contributions. The article below is based on compliance with the proposed regulations.Įmployer-sponsored 401(k) plans often include employer contributions through a variety of funding mechanisms, including matching contributions on employee deferrals, nonelective contributions that aren't dependent on what employees contribute, and discretionary contributions that are optional and usually made at the end of the plan year as a form of profit-sharing. SHRM Online article " Final Regulations on Suspending 401(k) Safe-Harbor Contributions." Safe-harbor notices may need to be revised. 15, 2013, the IRS issued final regulations on mid-year reductions or suspensions of “safe harbor” contributions made to 401(k) plans, revising the proposed regulations issued in May 2009.
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It also supports a wide range of peripherals, including keyboards, mice, and gamepads. Phoenix OS is compatible with most modern PCs and laptops, including those with Intel and AMD processors. It supports both 32-bit and 64-bit processors. For optimal performance, it is recommended to have at least 4GB of RAM and 16GB of storage. Phoenix OS is designed to run on x86-based computers and requires a minimum of 2GB of RAM and 8GB of storage to run smoothly. It is adaptable to all Android apps and games, and installing Phoenix OS on a PC does not affect the Windows system. Phoenix OS can be installed on a PC and runs and feels just like the Windows system. With Phoenix’s 3D perspective algorithm, gamers can control and play with better accuracy than playing on phones. It introduces mouse and keyboard controls to mobile games, and gamepads are also supported. It enables gamers to play their mobile games on PC with a much better experience. Read if you want to know: The 20 Best Apps for Connecting Your Smartwatch to Your Android Phone Top Best Android OS For PUBG Gaming On PCs 1-Phoenix OS For PCs Using an optimized Android OS for PUBG gaming can help you achieve a better frame rate, reduce lag, and improve graphics quality. The right Android OS can make a big difference in your gaming experience, including the graphics, smoothness of gameplay, and overall performance. This means that there are many resources available for optimizing the game’s performance on Android devices, including custom ROMs, kernels, and other modifications. Why Android OS matters for PUBG gaming?Īndroid OS has a large user base and an active development community. However, for a better gaming experience, it is recommended to have at least 4GB RAM for Android devices with a Snapdragon 636 equivalent or above processor. The minimum requirement for Android devices is 2GB RAM and 2GB storage with a decent processor such as Snapdragon 425 equivalent or above 1. PUBG Mobile has specific requirements for Android. How much GB RAM is needed for PUBG Mobile? These operating systems are designed to use fewer resources and make the required resources available for running games, providing outstanding performance even on low-end PCs. In this article, we will take a look at some of the best Android OS for PUBG to help you get the most out of your gaming experience on mobile or pcs. If your dream is to play PUBG on pc but your pc doesn’t support PUBG mobile don’t worry about that now your dream has come true. However, the experience of playing PUBG can vary depending on the type of Android OS you are using. PUBG Mobile is a popular game that can be played on a variety of devices, including PCs running Android OS. How to install the best Android OS for PUBG gaming.Disadvantages of using the best Android OS for PUBG gaming.Advantages of using the best Android OS for PUBG gaming How to choose the best Android OS for PUBG gaming? Top Best Android OS For PUBG Gaming On PCs.Why Android OS matters for PUBG gaming?. 22nd November 2022: bug-fix release 2020.3.17 is now available, with fixes to nav-radio tuning and sound playback in add-ons. This includes an over-hauled generic autopilot and support for ortho-photo scenery, as well as many bug-fixes. Screenshots, videos, sound recording etc. 21st March 20202: release 2020.3.18 is out. Various commercially available Aviation input hardware, Joystick and Controller hardware. Please read the introduction topic for details.ġ87 Topics 2283 Posts Last post by MariuszXC Digital Release NovemGenre (s) Space-industry quality Flight Simulator Mode (s) Single-player, Multiplayer Input Completely configurable for custom hardware in professional and DiY settings. Release candidate testers are encouraged to post their feedback here. Subforums: Aircraft, Scenery, New features, AI Traffic, Weather, Nasal, Spaceflight, Effects and shaders, Canvas, Add-ons, Documentation, Google Summer of Code 11812 Topics 193151 Posts Last post by naplesAPF Wiki Security Insights Releases Tags Mar 21 sthalik opentrack-2023. FlightGear's GPU programming can support high-ish settings on a GTX 1050 Ti at 30+ FPS at 1080p (fair amount more than 30 FPS, depends). allowing head tracking data to be sent directly as input data to FlightGear. In the need for help on anything? We are here to help you. As the FlightGear project is volunteer based, the screenshots gallery is what was available in the wiki - roughly high-settings and roughly representative of 2020.3 at somewhat high-ish settings. FlightGear's flight dynamics engine (JSBSim) is used in a 2015 NASA benchmark to judge new simulation code to the standards of the space industry. It also simulates space flight in Earth's orbit. Subforums: Virtual airlines, Air traffic control 1664 Topics 40881 Posts Last post by HB-SIBįlightGear is opensource, so you can be the developer. FlightGear Flight Simulator is a free, open-source, multi-platform, cooperative flight simulator development project made by. Find out details of upcoming events, register for competitions, or organize your own tour of a favorite location. Virtual fly-ins, fun flies, competitions, and other group events. Subforums: Installation, Compiling, Hardware, Flying, Multiplayer, Graphics, Interfacing, osgEarth, 3rd Party Repositories, FGRun, FGCom, Atlas, FGx, OpenRadar, ATC-pie 13404 Topics 98941 Posts Last post by polly There are lots of users and developers to help you out. History FlightGear started as an online proposal in 1996 by David Murr, living in the United States. Its flight dynamics engine ( JSBSim) is used in a 2015 NASA benchmark to judge new simulation code to the standards of the space industry. Subforum: News 580 Topics 8003 Posts Last post by PlayeRomĪll general support: help on flying, installation, hardware, getting online etc. FlightGear is an atmospheric and orbital flight simulator used in aerospace research and industry. Questions about the FlightGear organisation, website, wiki etc. TotalAV is definitely on the expensive side, especially when compared to popular antivirus programs such as Kaspersky (check out our Kaspersky Anti-Virus review). Although it’s an important feature, it should be offered with the other payment tiers. There are a lot of free password managers out there, though, and those programs act very similarly to this one. It’s important to have a password manager, and it’s great to see security features such as this included in an antivirus. Using a password manager is one way to securely store passwords in the cloud, allowing you to have long, unique passwords without needing to remember them. TotalAV Total Security, the highest tier program, includes a “password vault,” otherwise known as a password manager. It did uninstall the program eventually, though. This may be because TotalAV uses that time to dig deep into the system and delete any temporary or unnecessary files related to this program, but it remains unclear. For testing purposes, we reinstalled it and then uninstalled it from the system menu, which took just one minute. It took nearly 20 minutes to uninstall a simple program. We did run into an issue with the program uninstaller. The disk cleaner was especially helpful, freeing up almost 2GB of cached system updates, temporary files and error reporting files. These features scan your operating system in various ways to optimize performance and usability. This encompasses a series of tools - including a disk cleaner, a startup manager and a duplicate file finder - that are designed to speed up your computer. “System tune-up” is a prominent feature of TotalAV. This would, for example, allow you to protect a child’s computer without giving them access to the billing information or the ability to purchase add-ons. Instead of simply adding a device to the same account, it allows you to create a subaccount that has access to your features.Įvery person gets their own account, with their own access to the features. Almost every antivirus offers protection on multiple devices, but TotalAV’s is a bit different. Most people won’t go into their antivirus settings immediately to check for something like that, so it would be ideal if it was enabled by default.Īnother unique feature of TotalAV is its family protection. It’s important to note that TotalAV disables its real-time protection by default. It will also trace your Social Security number and notify you if information is added to the report, ensuring that no one can use your SSN for nefarious purposes. TotalAV’s protection includes regular web searches for your personal information, which would be an indication of a data breach. This is the most in-depth protection we’ve seen in an antivirus, beating out competitors such as ZoneAlarm (see our ZoneAlarm review for more). This ensures that your network data is anonymous and can’t be tracked back to you, no matter what you’re doing.Īnother great privacy protection is TotalAV’s identity protection feature. This is an important tool for privacy online, so it’s nice that TotalAV includes one. Included in these privacy tools is a virtual private network, or VPN. This checks, which is the most complete database of data breaches. The program is filled with privacy-protecting tools, such as a built-in data breach checker. TotalAV seems to focus a great deal on privacy and security features. Its inclusion of a password manager and VPN put it ahead of the pack, although some of its features are locked behind a large paywall. TotalAV has a nice selection of privacy and security features, but it’s not as robust as some of other feature-packed antiviruses, such as Avira (check out our Avira review).
In October 2022, Virtuos developed NieR:Automata The End of YoRHa Edition for the Nintendo Switch which has been hailed as a “miracle port”. That was followed by the official launch of Virtuos Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia in August 2021, and co-development studio Calypte - a Virtuos Studio in the San Francisco Bay Area in September 2022. In May 2022, it was announced that Virtuos had acquired the Ho Chi Minh City-based 2D and 3D art production company, Glass Egg Digital Media. In April 2022, Virtuos announced its investment in Umanaïa Interactive, an up-and-coming game development studio in Quebec, Canada. In January 2022, Virtuos acquired Volmi Games in Kyiv, Ukraine. It subsequently opened a new studio in Lyon, France in December 2021. Virtuos secured $150M investment from Baring Private Equity Asia in September 2021. In June 2020, Virtuos developed the Switch port for The Outer Worlds. In May 2020, Virtuos developed the Nintendo Switch version of XCOM 2 jointly with Firaxis Games. In October 2020, the company acquired CounterPunch Studios. Virtuos Montreal was launched in September 2019. In August 2020, Virtuos ported Horizon Zero Dawn to Microsoft Windows. Virtuos did art support on 2017's Horizon Zero Dawn and 2022's Horizon Forbidden West. In March 2018, it raised $15M and set up a new headquarters and R&D center in Singapore. In February 2017, the company acquired Black Shamrock. In July 2016, Virtuos ported Batman: Return To Arkham to the Xbox One and PlayStation 4. In December 2014, Virtuos started its operations in Korea. Virtuos also developed adaptations of Final Fantasy X and Final Fantasy X-2 for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita in April 2014. The company also developed Fangs Dash for China Mobile Game Entertainment in December 2013. Virtuos ported XCOM: Enemy Unknown to IOS in October 2013, and won the Golden Joystick Award for "Best Mobile/Tablet Game of the Year". In July 2013, Virtuos opened an office in San Francisco. Within the same year, Virtuos also released its first fully developed Facebook game - The Enchanted Library for GSN, as well as its first Android game, NBA 2013, for client 2K sports on the Wii, Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable. In 2012, Virtuos opened its Xi’an office in May and reached the 1,000 employees mark in October. Virtuos acquired Sparx* Animation Studios in September 2011, increasing its employee count to over 900. Subsequently, it reached 800 employees and signed a work-for-hire online game development agreement with Tencent in August 2011. Virtuos produced Monster Jam: Path of Destruction for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable. In May 2010, the company ported The Price is Right to the PlayStation Network. In March 2010, it reached 500 employees, and announced new-gen work-for-hire game development. Virtuos entered Japan after signing a partnership with Kyos in December 2009. In May 2009 Terminator Salvation was released in theaters. In March 2009, the company acquired BSP Audio Production Studios. Virtuos opened its Chengdu office in January 2008 and Vancouver offices in January and November 2008, respectively. In June 2006, it received investment from Legend Capital. Virtuos was established in Shanghai in December 2004 and opened its European office in Paris in July 2005. Virtuos specializes in game development and art production for AAA consoles, PC, and mobile titles – working as an external developer for other companies. Virtuos is a global video game development company headquartered in Singapore with studios across Asia, Europe, and North America. Next, an X-ray will usually be done to assess the extent of the fracture. Your doctor will drain the blood around your knee to help relieve pain In this condition, blood collects in the joint space resulting in exceedingly painful swelling in around the area of the knee joint. The other important sign for which your doctor will check for is called the hemarthrosis. In the even patellar bone is fractured and displaced, the edges of the fracture can often be felt through the skin. Usually, after taking an elaborate medical history your doctor will perform a medical examination of your knee joint. The inability to straighten the knee joint or keep it straight while raising the leg Other reported symptoms of a patellar fracture includeġ. Pain and swelling are probably the most common cause of patellar fractures. Patellar fractures can occur in the bottom, center or top of the bone in general. Some fractures may be simple while some fractures can be really complex where the bone breaks into multiple pieces. Simple patellar fractures can be treated with the help of a cast or splint but complex fractures in which the bone shatters definitely requires surgery and stabilization to stabilize the kneecap.Ī patella can actually fracture in a wide variety of ways. Patellar fracture is fairly serious in nature and can make bending or even straightening your knee exceedingly difficult. As one of the leading orthopedic hospital in coimbatore, we get a large number of patients with patellar fractures Direct injury by a fall or a motor vehicle collision in which the knee joint hits on the dashboard also result in knee cap fracture. It is type of joint that is particularly vulnerable for fracture. The Patella is a small bone that sits right in front of your knee. US gallon to cupsġ Gallon (Dry, US) = 18.618355 Cups (US) UK gallon to cupsġ Gallon (UK, imperial) = 16 Cups (UK, imperial)ġ Gallon (UK, imperial) = 18.18436 Cups (metric) How to Convert Cups to Gallons? There are 128 US fluid ounces in a US gallon. There are 148.95 US fluid ounces in a dry gallon. A US dry gallon is defined as 1/8 US bushel and is exactly 4.40488377086 L. What is a US Dry Gallon?Ī US dry gallon has been used to measure dry ingredients or grains such as corn, wheat, and other grains. There are 153.722 US fluid ounces in an Imperial gallon. How Many Ounces Are in an Imperial Gallon? The Imperial gallon is mainly used by those in the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and some Caribbean countries. What is an Imperial Gallon?Īn Imperial gallon is a unit used to measure liquid or dry ingredients equal to 4.54 liters or 1.2 US gallons. It is also equal to 8 fluid ounces, 236.6 milliliters, or 16 tablespoons. In the US, a cup is equal to one-half pint. What is a Cup?Ī cup is a measurement of volume used for cooking and baking. However, in the United Kingdom, the gallon is 160 fluid ounces or 4.546 litres (British spelling). What is the difference between a standard gallon and a royal gallon? In the US, a standard gallon is equivalent to 128 fluid ounces or 3.785 liters. There are 231 cubic inches in a US gallon. There are 128 fluid ounces in a US gallon. There are 256 tablespoons in a US gallon. The US gallon is mainly used by the United States as well as some Latin American and Caribbean countries. It is equivalent to 231 cubic inches and exactly 3.7854117784 liters. What is a US gallon?Ī US gallon is used to measure the volume of wet ingredients. What is a Gallon?Ī gallon is a unit of measurement used to measure liquid volume. What is a US gallon compared to a UK gallon? Should I use a standard cup or an ounce cup? These are the kinds of questions we answer here to give you a better understanding for your kitchen conversions. Gallon (US) to Liter Conversion Table Gallon (US) ġ5 gal (US) = 15 × 3.785411784 L, l = 56.The answer to how many cups in a gallon might seem like quite a straightforward answer, but it might lead to other related questions about what a liquid gallon is compared to a dry gallon. It is also used to measure certain non-liquid volumes such as the size of car trunks, backpacks and climbing packs, computer cases, microwaves, refrigerators, and recycling bins, as well as for expressing fuel volumes and prices in most countries around the world. However, due to the mass-volume relationship of water being based on a number of factors that can be cumbersome to control (temperature, pressure, purity, isotopic uniformity), as well as the discovery that the prototype of the kilogram was slightly too large (making the liter equal to 1.000028 dm 3 rather than 1 dm 3), the definition of the liter was reverted to its previous, and current definition.Ĭurrent use: The liter is used to measure many liquid volumes as well as to label containers containing said liquids. History/origin: There was a point from 1901 to 1964 when a liter was defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water under the conditions of maximum density at atmospheric pressure. One liter is equal to 1 cubic decimeter (dm 3), 1,000 cubic centimeters (cm 3), or 1/1,000 cubic meters (m 3). Literĭefinition: A liter (symbol: L) is a unit of volume that is accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI) but is technically not an SI unit. The imperial gallon is used even more sparingly than the US gallon, with most countries around the world using liters when referencing fuel. Gallons are also widely used in fuel economy expression in the US, as well as some of its territories. History/origin: The term gallon most closely originates from "galon" in Old Northern French and developed as a system for measuring wine and beer in England, resulting in measures such as the wine gallon, ale gallon, and imperial gallon.Ĭurrent use: In the United States (US), gallons are often used for larger containers, such as half gallon tubs of ice cream or one-gallon cartons of milk. A US fluid ounce is therefore 1/128 of a US gallon while an imperial fluid ounce is 1/160 of an imperial gallon. Further differentiating the US and the imperial gallon, a US gill is divided into four fluid ounces, while an imperial gallon is divided into five. A cup is comprised of two gills, making one gallon equal four quarts, eight pints, sixteen cups, or thirty-two gills. Quarts are then divided into two pints and pints are divided into two cups. In both systems, the gallon is divided into four quarts. In contrast, the imperial gallon, which is used in the United Kingdom, Canada, and some Caribbean nations, is defined as 4.54609 liters. The US gallon is defined as 231 cubic inches (3.785 liters). Definition: A gallon is a unit of volume specifically regarding liquid capacity in both the US customary and imperial systems of measurement. Preparing "Install Android SDK Platform-Tools (revision: 27.0.1)". "Install Android Support Repository (revision: 47.0.0)" failed. Warning: An error occurred while preparing SDK package Android Support Repository: Cannot download '': Tag mismatch! Java.io.IOException: Cannot download '': Tag mismatch! Preparing "Install Android Support Repository (revision: 47.0.0)". "Install Android Emulator (revision: 27.1.12)" finished. "Install Android Emulator (revision: 27.1.12)" complete. Installing Android Emulator in C:\Users\NaTu\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\emulator "Install Android Emulator (revision: 27.1.12)" ready. Preparing "Install Android Emulator (revision: 27.1.12)". "Install SDK Patch Applier v4 (revision: 1)" finished. "Install SDK Patch Applier v4 (revision: 1)" complete. Installing SDK Patch Applier v4 in C:\Users\NaTu\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\patcher\v4 "Install SDK Patch Applier v4 (revision: 1)" ready. Preparing "Install SDK Patch Applier v4 (revision: 1)". "Install Intel x86 Emulator Accelerator (HAXM installer) (revision: 6.2.1)" finished. "Install Intel x86 Emulator Accelerator (HAXM installer) (revision: 6.2.1)" complete. Installing Intel x86 Emulator Accelerator (HAXM installer) in C:\Users\NaTu\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\extras\intel\Hardware_Accelerated_Execution_Manager "Install Intel x86 Emulator Accelerator (HAXM installer) (revision: 6.2.1)" ready. Preparing "Install Intel x86 Emulator Accelerator (HAXM installer) (revision: 6.2.1)". "Install Android SDK Tools (revision: 26.1.1)" failed. Warning: An error occurred while preparing SDK package Android SDK Tools: Cannot download '': Unsupported record version Unknown-192.23 Java.io.IOException: Cannot download '': Unsupported record version Unknown-192.23 Preparing "Install Android SDK Tools (revision: 26.1.1)". This is FULL INSTALATION logs you can see a lot of mistakes and failer installations,why that happens ? android studio all worked on older HARD DISC, is problem in hard? i am using Windows 7 64 bit & Vertex 60gb SSD Thank you guys who will try to help me fix this Unknown-192.23(<- this numbers are always diffrent ) I am always getting this for error when i try to start Android Studio Unsupported record version "InstallĪndroid SDK Tools (revision: 26.1.1)" failed. Unsupported record version Unknown-192.23, response: 200 OK. Unsupported record version Unknown-192.23, response: 200 OKĪn error occurred while preparing SDK package Android SDK Tools: I have JAVA on my computer and when i try to run ANDROID STUDIO for the first time and when he try to download things like android sdk or similar i am getting always the same message like this I tried to turn off firewall, windows defender, run android studio with ADMINISTRATOR rights, also i tried downloading JDK 8, then JDK 10 , Then add a new line under "compileSDKVersion" type in buildToolsVersion "27.0.From yesterday i am having problems while installing android studio on my new SSD disc. Then use the file tree to find the file > app > adleĥ) Open the file and it should have something along the lines of "apply plugin: ''" as the first line. If it's closed click the icon that looks like the android studio icon to the far left of android studio (it should have text that is sideways, and normally says "1:project"). Use the navigation pane to the left of android studio. To do this:ģ) Make sure build tools 27.0.3 is installed by using the Android SDK manager (steps above).Ĥ)Then find your adle file. Then you can define android build tools 27.0.3 in your gradle app file. (Or go to File > Settings > Appearance & Behavior > System Settings > Android SDK)ģ) At the bottom-right, click "Show Package Details"Ĥ) Find Android SDK Build-Tools and check the checkbox next to 26.0.2ĥ) Click apply in the bottom of the windowĢ) Uncheck all build tools besides 27.0.3 (the latest build tools at the time of writing) It looks like an android head in front of a download arrow. Method 1 - Install the missing build toolsġ) Open the SDK manager by clicking on the icon in the top right of Android Studio. I am not totally sure why, but Android Studio doesn't set the build tools in the gradle "app" file anymore. Android Studio is looking for build tools 26.0.2, but build tools 27.0.3 is already released for Android Oreo 8.1 For mobile phones, iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch users must use Spybot Home Edition or other paid package. The free version of Spybot is available to download and install on a desktop PC only. It is worth noting, that not only last scan reports are saved, but all previous logs - literally, which one could find in Program Data folder. Moreover, there are 2 ways to obtain a more functional interface: upgrading to Home Edition or donating any amount of money.Īll log files are saved on a C drive of a computer. In the advanced version Start Center there’s also the file scan. Start Center is a user-friendly communicable interface that shows paths to various functions and modules. Green color indicates proper functioning. If any of those is marked red, it is recommended to scan, initiate protection or check for program updates. Your anti-malware quest starts with three core modules: last system scan, immunization, last update. Spybot 2.7 opens as a new separate window on the desktop. There’s also the Boot CD Creator, designed to create a bootable disk on PC, which is not available for Windows 10 as of now, we should add. To set automatically scheduled system scans, you have to upgrade to Home Edition. Although, it can detect both real malware and mark certain files as “suspicious” that aren’t harmful actually. In contrast, the quick rootkit scan runs in a matter of seconds and provides superficial data analysis. It takes almost 30 minutes to scan the whole file system and Windows registry. If you start deep scanning, that’s down to detecting rootkit level infections, it is advised not to open any other external applications - for no interruptions. To block access to websites that could be potential threats, Spybot offers immunization for the following browsers: Internet Explorer (and clones like Avant etc.), Firefox and other Mozilla-based browsers, Opera, Apple Safari, Chrome and Amaya. We should say, that it takes almost a full 1 hour to scan the whole PC. First thing to take notice of is Live Protection feature, devised to speed up the actual scanning process detecting malware and viruses. Besides malware removal capabilities, there’s real-time antivirus protection, though only available in paid versions. The free version of Spybot provides security tools that protect an operating system from different types of malware. €49.99 Spybot Technician`s (1 Year, 1 PC) Real time protection, Anti-Beacon, Startup manager For proper functioning of Spybot anti-malware tool, there should be 300 MB of free space at least on a hard drive. It supports Windows XP, Vista, 2003, 2008 Server, Win 7 and 8, while versions for another operating systems are on the way, according to the vendor - Safer-Networking Ltd., Ireland. The version we are reviewing and testing herein is Spybot Search & Destroy 2.7.64.0. for corporate users and experts with access to advanced versions. On the other hand, the program has fine additional features, including repair disk procedures, analyzing OS/hardware/boot sector, rootkit scan, etc. Even though the free version of Spybot does not defend against viruses, which are only one of the types of malicious software.įirst thing to note is that Spybot free version only provides scanning option, real-time live protection against malware/spyware is accessible within paid version only. Spybot has been widely popular since 2000 as a tool to protect operating systems from adware, spyware, suspicious files. If you were to look into several lists of best anti-malware software 2018/2019 appearing in Google top results, you would see Spybot Search & Destroy in almost all of them. There is even a self-assembly kit: a cupboard cut out of a sheet of soft metal, instead of the plastic that would be used today. The finds also include toys that girls might have liked: little cups, plates, and jugs, some sturdy enough to heat up water by a fireside. It probably circulated among the families of merchants, shopkeepers, and craft workers, as well as those of the nobility and gentry. The toy knight was made from a mould, and produced in large numbers. An adult made this toy and another adult bought it for a child, or gave a child money to buy it. Then as now, adults cared for children and encouraged their play. Then as now, they had a culture of their own, encompassing slang, toys, and games. Then as now, children liked playing with toys. It was manufactured in about 1300, and illustrates several facets of medieval childhood. They were aware-as the medievals themselves were-of a much larger, round globe.This toy knight comes from a rich harvest of archaeological finds, made in the mudbanks of the River Thames in London during the last 30 years. They reveal the permeable nature of the interwoven cultures of Europe but were not constrained to Europe. The Bright Ages contain the beauty and light of stained glass in the high ceilings of cathedrals as well as the blood and sweat of the people who built them the golden relics of the Church and the acts of charity and devotion by people of deep faith, but also the wars fought over ideas of the sacred, the scorched flesh of the heretics burned in the name of intolerance and fear. Medievalists are complicit in the creation of the idea of the Dark Ages and how the medieval world is used in the service of hateful ideologies even today, but are also acknowledging mistakes and trying to tear that scaffolding down. We’ve learned about medieval ideas of tolerance, but also the formation of ideas about racial difference and hierarchies. Medievalists have built and then torn down the construct of feudalism as a system and replaced it with ideas of complex networks of affinity and hierarchy that morphed and flowed with big ideas and hyperlocal tradition our colleagues and mentors have helped place Europe into broader global systems of trade, religion, movement of peoples, and disease. But we’ve also, been blessed by the work of hundreds of scholars who have shaken loose the old stories of the Dark Ages to reveal a much more complicated, much more interesting picture of the period. We are both historians of medieval Europe, having spent years with primary sources producing our own research. Here’s Why Medieval Scientific Progress Still Matters Read more: The Idea of the ‘Dark Ages’ Is a Myth. They looked into both the medieval and classical European past and imagined they found white faces, like theirs, looking back at them. They looked outside themselves and saw barbarism. These modern thinkers used the fiction of Europe and the invented concept of “Western Civilization” as a thread to tie the modern world together. They found the proto-nations of the Middle Ages useful as a past to point to for their modern origins, pointing to both medieval connections to Greece and Rome and the independence and distinct traditions of medieval polities. Later, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, imperialist European powers and their intellectuals sought a history for their new world order to justify and explain why whiteness-a modern idea, albeit with medieval roots-justified their domination of the world. What is clear is that people in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Italy, frustrated with the political chaos and warfare of their ugly era, decided to draw nostalgic links to the worlds of ancient Rome and Greece, using the distant past to sever their connection to the previous thousand years of history. The peoples, the plague, the art, the governments, and the wars all belong to the medieval world. The French Revolution was possible only because medieval people experimented with democratic representation, oftentimes at a small scale, and had a long history of anti-authoritarian revolt. The Ottoman Turks emerged out of generations-long interactions between steppe and city, a people fully steeped in an intellectual culture that shuttled competing interpretations of both scripture and Aristotle from Persia to Iberia, a people carrying the same luxury goods and bacteria across regions. The plague arrived because of connections between Asia and Europe that had been established across centuries. Ultimately, none of these moments are satisfactory. |
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